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Symptom guide

Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar. Type 1 is autoimmune (requires insulin from diagnosis). Type 2 is the most common form (managed with lifestyle, oral medications, and sometimes insulin). Both types require regular monitoring to prevent complications.

Aligned with WHO · CDC · NHS guidance

When to seek emergency care

  • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): vomiting, fruity-smelling breath, rapid breathing, confusion — call emergency services.
  • Severe hypoglycemia: seizures, loss of consciousness — use glucagon if available, call emergency.
  • Blood glucose above 300 mg/dL despite medication.
  • New onset of blurred vision or sudden vision loss.
  • Non-healing foot wound or ulcer.

Safe self-care at home

  • Monitor blood glucose regularly.
  • Follow a balanced diet — reduce refined sugars, increase fiber.
  • Aim for 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week.
  • Take medications as prescribed — never skip insulin.
  • Check feet daily for cuts, blisters, or redness.
  • Carry fast-acting glucose at all times if on insulin.

When to see a clinician

  • Blood sugar consistently above 250 mg/dL or below 70 mg/dL.
  • Signs of DKA (vomiting, fruity breath, confusion).
  • New numbness or tingling in hands or feet.
  • A foot wound that does not heal.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 is autoimmune — the body destroys insulin-producing cells. Type 2 is insulin resistance. Type 2 is more common (90%) and often linked to lifestyle factors.

What is a normal HbA1c?

Normal is below 5.7%. Prediabetes 5.7–6.4%. Diabetes ≥6.5%. Most patients target below 7%.

What is the Rule of 15 for hypoglycemia?

If blood sugar <70: eat 15g fast-acting carbs, wait 15 min, recheck. Repeat if still low.

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This page is general patient education aligned with WHO, CDC, and NHS public guidance. It is not a diagnosis, prescription, or substitute for care from a licensed clinician. If symptoms are severe, worsening, or you are in doubt, contact a healthcare provider or your local emergency number immediately.